Trust, the Asymmetry Principle, and the Role of Prior Beliefs

Within the risk literature there is an ongoing debate on whether trust is vulnerable or enduring. Previous research on nuclear energy by Slovic in 1993 has shown that negative events have much greater impact on self-reported trust than do positive events. Slovic attributes this to the asymmetry principle: specifically, that trust is much easier to destroy than to create. In a questionnaire survey concerning genetically modified (GM) food in Britain (n= 396) we similarly find that negative events have a greater impact on trust than positive events. Because public opinion in Britain is skewed in the direction of opposition toward GM food, the pattern of results could either be caused by the fact that negative information is more informative than positive information (a negativity bias) or reflect the influence of people's prior attitudes toward the issue (a confirmatory bias). The results were largely in line with the confirmatory bias hypothesis: participants with clear positive or negative beliefs interpreted events in line with their existing attitude position. However, for participants with intermediate attitudes, negative items still had greater impact than the positive. This latter finding suggests that, congruent with the negativity bias hypothesis, negative information may still be more informative than positive information for undecided people. The study also identified the labeling of GM products, consulting the public, making biotechnology companies liable for any damage, and making a test available to detect GM produce as being particularly important preconditions for maintaining trust in the regulation of agricultural biotechnology.     

试论物权变动的公示、公信原则

物权的公示、公信原则是物权法的基本原则之一。物权公示原则是贯穿于物权法之动态范畴的基本原则,通过典型或非典型的公示形式将物权变动状况加以展示,从而决定物权变动效力的法律原则。而公信原则通过保障物权交易的安全,能增强公示制度的信用。     

国有资产授权经营的局限与出路

从现阶段有关国有资产授权经营的规定看,授权经营的性质非驴非马,授权经营的内容不清不楚,从而导致授权方(国有资产监管机构)与被授权企业的关系不明不白,本该在授权经营中成为“主角”的被授权企业却落得不尴不尬。为改变这种状况,有必要借用信托制度来改造现行的国有资产授权经营制度,即从法律上明确授权方与被授权企业之间为信托关系,进而依据信托法原理来界定授权经营中各方的权利、义务及责任。     

职业经理人机制对于家族企业信任机制转化的作用机理

家族企业因产权状况不同而存在着多种信任关系及其约束机制类型。早期家族企业所遵循的道德约束准则在企业发展和产权变化后,需要制度约束替代,这就导致企业信任机制的转变。职业经理人机制对于信任机制转化既具有促进作用,也是家族企业融进外部人力资源,从而解决信任缺失“瓶颈”,提高家族制效率的关键所在。     

Adaptive Behavior in Childhood as an Antecedent of Psychological Functioning in Early Middle Age: Linkage Via Career Orientation

The main aim of the study was to investigate the link between child and adolescent adaptive behavior and adult psychological functioning, and the role of career orientation in this linkage. This was based on a Finnish longitudinal study, where data at ages 8, 14, and 42 were available for 118 females and 115 males. Adaptive behavior, indicated by three aspects of high self-control of emotions: constructiveness, compliance, and trustworthiness, was assessed at ages 8 and 14. Psychological functioning at age 42 was indicated by psychological well-being, self-esteem, social coherence, and trust in life. Connections between adaptive behavior and psychological functioning were studied using structural equation modeling. For males, a path from a latent variable for adaptive behavior to a latent variable for adult psychological functioning was obtained via two components of career development: (1) stable career and employment situation; and (2) the length of education and occupational status. For females, only constructiveness was linked to a latent variable for the length of education and occupational status which accounted for a latent variable for psychological functioning.     

中国家族企业信任资源整合及制度保障探讨

家族企业作为我国民营企业的主要组成部分 ,其发展的优势得益于血亲关系所产生的优良信任资源 ,其管理模式与现代公司治理截然相反 ,然二者却在运作过程中形成了目的上合理的契合。当代中国 ,家族企业面临横向和纵向二维发展 ,而其所要求的信任资源优化整合却为家族信任所局限。因此 ,家族企业势必进行控制权革命 ,优化整合传统信任资源 ,并在此基础上完善制度保障体系。     

加强大学生诚信教育，构建大学生思想道德基础

当前,大学生中存在的各种诚信缺失行为严重侵蚀了大学生的道德观念,损害了大学生在社会上的形象和名誉。高校必须进一步加强大学生的诚信教育,营造良好的大学生诚信教育氛围;针对大学生的道德诚信实际,开展积极有效的诚信教育;积极引导大学生增强诚实守信的主动精神和自律意识;建立完善的大学生诚信评价体系,使大学生自觉养成诚实守信的品质。     

论信托型资产证券化的基本法律逻辑

资产证券化作为从借款人信用向资产信用转换的金融创新,以特定商事主体形式为载体。我国目前选择了“信托”作为唯一的特殊目的载体形式。但信托作为普通法的遗产,其财产转移方式的特点与证券化的破产隔离要求之间存在一定冲突,我国作为大陆法系国家对信托制度短暂的移植历史使得该问题更加突出。本文力图从理论上建立信托应用于金融交易的基本分析模型。通过对融资实践中信托方式的考察,本文提出自益信托是资产证券化交易中信托的基本形态,存在融资人信托和投资人信托两种基本模型。其中,融资人信托最符合资产证券化交易的实际运作方式,但是在现有的制度约束条件下,投资人信托可能是一种更现实的选择。     

大学英语认知发展的情感制衡效应与对应策略

情感是人们对现实世界各种事物所持的不同态度和体验,在语言认知的过程中起到制衡的作用。情感屏障的形成是缘于学习者消极心理因素的堆积,在一定程度上妨碍了学习者对目标语言输入的获得,并影响语言能力发展的速度。“大学英语”作为一门素质教育课程,应强化课程的人文性,突出英语教学中文化意识和情感态度的重要性。研究大学英语认知发展过程中学生对课业和教师的情感屏障并探索突破这一屏障的有效策略,有利于促使相关各方积极主动的心理态势的形成,达到大学英语教育素质化的目的。     

英语学习策略分类层次结构探析

比较分析过去几十年里国内外心理学家、语言学家对学习策略的分类结构的代表性观点 ,找出存在的问题与可取之处 ,便于我们运用心理语言学、认知语言学以及社会语言学等新理论、新方法 ,对学习策略的定义及其构成因素作进一步探讨 ;在其基础上 ,结合英语语言学习的特点与多年的教学实践经验 ,作者提出了一个通俗易懂、便于英语学习策略量表的修订以及实证研究展开与操作的分类框架 ,并对其作了比较合理的理论解释。